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电子显微镜，简称电镜，是使用电子来展示物件的内部或表面的显微镜。 高速的电子的波长比可见光的波长短（波粒二象性），而显微镜的分辨率受其使用的波长的限制，因此电子显微镜的分辨率（约0.1纳米）远高于光学显微镜的分辨率（约200纳米）。 电子显微镜的主要组成部分是：

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电子源是一个释放自由电子的阴极，一个环状的阳极加速电子。阴极和阳极之间的电压差必须非常高，一般在数千伏到3百万伏之间。 电子透镜用来聚焦电子。一般使用的是磁透镜，有时也有使用静电透镜的。电子透镜的作用与光学显微镜中的光学透镜的作用是一样的。光学透镜的焦点是固定的，而电子透镜的焦点可以被调节，因此电子显微镜不象光学显微镜那样有可以移动的透镜系统。 真空装置。真空装置用以保障显微镜内的真空状态，这样电子在其路径上不会被吸收或偏向。 样品架。样品可以稳定地放在样本架上。此外往往还有可以用来改变样品（如移动、转动、加热、降温、拉长等）的装置。 探测器，用来收集电子的信号或次级信号。Electron microscopy, electron microscopy for short, is to demonstrate the use of electronic object or surface within the microscope. High-speed electronics than the wavelength of visible light wave length (wave-particle duality), while the microscope resolution by its restrictions on the use of wavelength, so the resolution of electron microscopy (about 0.1 nm) is much higher than the resolution of optical microscopy (about 200 nm). Electron microscopy, the main components are: E-source is a release of free electrons of the cathode, a ring-shaped anode accelerates the electrons. Between the cathode and the anode voltage difference must be very high, typically a few kV to between 3 million volts. Electron lens is used to focus on electronics. Commonly used is a magnetic lens, and sometimes also use the electrostatic lens. The role of electronic and optical microscope lens in the optical lens effect is the same. Optical lens focus is fixed, and e-focus lens can be adjusted, therefore, unlike electron microscopy, optical microscopy, as there could be moving lens system. Vacuum. Vacuum devices for the protection of the vacuum inside the microscope, so that electrons in its path will not be absorbed or bias. Sample holder. Samples can be stable on the sample rack. In addition, there often can be used to change the sample (such as movement, rotation, heating, cooling, stretching, etc.) devices. Detector, used to collect electronic signals or sub-signals.夜视技术是借助于光电成象器件实现夜间观察的一种光电技术。夜视技术包括微光夜视和红外夜视两方面。微光夜视技术又称像增强技术，是通过带像增强管的夜视镜，对夜天光照亮的微弱目标像进行增强，以供观察的光电成像技术。微光夜视仪，是目前国外生产量和装备量最大和用途最广的夜视器材，可分为直接观察（如夜视观察仪、武器瞄准具、夜间驾驶仪、夜视眼镜）和间接观察（如微光电视）两种。红外夜视技术分为主动红外夜视技术和被动红外夜视技术。主动红外夜视技术是通过主动照射并利用目标反射红外源的红外光来实施观察的夜视技术，对应装备为主动红外夜视仪。被动红外夜视技术是借助于目标自身发射的红外辐射来实现观察的红外技术，它根据目标与背景或目标各部分之间的温差或热辐射差来发现目标。其装备为热像仪。热成像仪具有不同于其他夜视仪的独特优点，如可在雾、雨、雪的天气下工作，作用距离远，能识别伪装和抗干扰等，已成国外夜视装备的发展重点，并将在一定成度上取代微光夜视仪。夜视镜有两种，一种是微光夜视镜，一种是红外夜视镜。 微光夜视镜是把微弱的光放大了，而红外夜视镜是把红外线转为可见光。 红外夜视镜又分两种，一种是主动式的，一种是被动式的，主动式的就是夜视镜发出一束红外线，照到物体上再反射回来，相当于手电筒；被动式的则是把物体自身发出的红外线放大转化为可见光。 所以，在完全没有光的情况下，微光夜视镜是看不到东西的。如果没有红外源的话（大多数能产生热量的东西都能成为红外源，如生物、车辆、火焰等），被动红外夜视镜也是看不到东西的。 而主动红外夜视镜在任何情况下都能看到东西。不同的夜视镜有不同的适用场合，微光夜视镜适合野外有星光或月光的时候使用。 因为夜视镜只显示单色，而它的显示屏是绿色的（你可以注意到很多仪表的显示屏都是绿色的），所以你看到的是绿色的。Night-vision technology is achieved by means of optical imaging device is a night-time observation of photovoltaic technology. Night-vision technology, including night vision and infra-red night vision in two ways. Night Vision technology, also known as the image intensifier technology, through the image intensifier tube with a night-vision goggles, to illuminate the night sky as to strengthen the weak targets for observation of electro-optical imaging technology. Night vision, which is the amount of foreign production and equipment, the largest and most versatile night vision equipment, can be divided into direct observation (such as night-vision observation devices, weapon sights, night driving instrument, night vision glasses) and indirect observation (such as low-light television) two kinds. Infrared night-vision technology is divided into active and passive infrared night vision technology, infrared night-vision technology. Active infrared night vision technology is the goal through active exposure to and use of infrared reflectance infrared light source to implement the observed night-vision technology, which corresponds to active-infrared night vision equipment. Passive infrared night vision technology is the goal of their own by means of infrared radiation emitted to achieve the observed infrared technology, which depending on the target or target and background temperature difference between the various parts or thermal radiation to find the goal difference. Their equipment for the thermal imager. Thermal imager with a different from the other night-vision of the unique advantages, such as in fog, rain, snow weather work, the role of distance, can identify the camouflage and anti-jamming and so on, has become the focus of development of foreign night-vision equipment, and a certain degree on the place into a night vision. Night-vision goggles, there are two, one is low-light night-vision goggles, one is infrared night-vision goggles. Low-light night-vision goggles is to weak optical amplification, while the infrared night-vision goggles is to infrared light into visible light. Infrared night-vision goggles was divided into two kinds, one is active, and one is passive, and active is to send a bouquet of infrared night-vision goggles, shine on an object and then reflected back, which is equivalent flashlight; passive while is to issued its own objects into visible light, infra-red amplification. So, in the case of no light, low-light night-vision goggles can not see things. If there is no infrared source, then (most can produce things that can be an infrared heat source, such as biological, vehicles, fire, etc.), passive infrared night-vision goggles is unable to see things. And active infrared night-vision goggles under any circumstances can see things. A different application of night-vision goggles have different occasions, low-light night-vision goggles are suitable for field use when the starlight or moonlight. Because the display only monochrome night-vision goggles, and its screen is green (you can note that many instruments are all green screen), so you see is green.

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